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Data Sources

Following is source information for the historical data, for each of the subcategories.

Foreign Treaties, 1785-1863

Miller, Hunter. Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America, 1776-1863. 8 vols. Washington DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1931-1948.

Diplomatic Missions, 1785-1867

Dougall, Richardson, and Chapman, Mary Patricia. United States Chiefs of Mission, 1778-1973. Washington DC: Historical Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, 1973.

Foreign Military Actions, 1798-1867

Grimmet, Richard F. Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2004. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2004.

Neeser, Robert Wilden. Statistical and Chronological History of the United States Navy, 1775-1907. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan Company, 1909.

Overseas Marine Landings, 1800-1860

Ellsworth, Harry Allanson. One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines, 1800-1934. Washington DC: History and Museums Division Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, 1974.

Overseas Navy Personnel, 1820-1866

Register of the Commission and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; &c. &c. Washington DC: Davis and Force, 1820.

Register of the Commission and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. &c. [Washington DC]: Metropolitan Press, 1821.

Register of the Commission and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. &c. Washington DC: Davis and Force, 1822.

Register of the Commission and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. &c. Washington DC: Jonathan Elliot, 1824.

Register of the Commission and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. For the Year 1825. Washington DC: Way and Gideon, 1825.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. For the Year 1826. Washington DC: Way and Gideon, 1826.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. For the Year 1827. Washington DC: S.A. Elliot, 1827.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. For the Year 1829. Washington DC: S.A. Elliot, 1828.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. For the Year 1831. Washington DC: Wm. A. Davis, 1831.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, &c. For the Year 1833. Washington DC: F.P. Blair, 1833.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1835. Washington DC: Blair and Rives, 1835.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1836. Washington DC: Blair and Rives, 1836.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1837. Washington DC: Blair and Rives, 1837.

The Biennial Register of All Officers and Agents in the Service of the United States: with the Names, Force, and Condition, of All ships and Vessels Belonging to the United States. Washington DC: Blair and Rives, 1838.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1839. Washington DC: Langtree and O’Sullivan, 1839.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1840. Washington DC: Jacob Gideon, Jr., 1840.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1841. Washington DC: Jacob Gideon, Jr., 1841.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1842. Washington DC: Alexander and Barnard, 1842.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1843. Washington DC: Alexander and Barnard, 1843.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, For the Year 1844. Washington DC: Alexander and Barnard, 1844.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1845. Washington DC: C. Alexander, 1845.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1846. Washington DC: C. Alexander, 1846.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1847. Washington DC: C. Alexander, 1847.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1848. Washington DC: C. Alexander, Printer, 1848.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1849. Washington DC: J. and G.S. Gideon, 1849.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1850. Washington DC: C. Alexander, 1850.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1851. Washington DC: C. Alexander, 1851.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1852. Washington DC: C. Alexander, 1852.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1853. Washington DC: C. Alexander, 1853.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1854. Washington DC: Robert Armstrong, 1854.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1855. Washington DC: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1855.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1856. Washington DC: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1856.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1857. Washington DC: A.O.P. Nicholson, 1857.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1858. Washington DC: William A. Harris, 1858.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1859. Washington DC: William A. Harris, 1859.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1860. Washington DC: 1860.

Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, For the Year 1861. Washington DC: George W. Bowman, 1861.

Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, to September 1, 1862. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1862.

Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, to January 1, 1863. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1863.

Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, to January 1, 1865. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1865.

Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States; Including Officers of the Marine Corps, and others, to January 1, 1866. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1866.

American State Papers: Naval Affairs. Washington DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834-1861. Volumes 3-4.

Mission Stations, 1813-1838

Tracy, Joseph. “History of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.” In History of American Missions to the Heathen, From their Commencement to the Present Time. Worcester: Spooner and Howland, 1840. Appendix D.

Immigration, 1820-1855

Bromwell, William J. History of Immigration to the United States, Exhibiting the Number, Sex, Age, Occupation, and Country of Birth, of Passengers Arriving in the United States by Sea from Foreign Countries, from September 30, 1819 to December 31, 1855; Compiled Entirely from Official Data. New York: Redfield, 1856.

Commerce, 1821-1856

Homans, J. Smith, Jr. An Historical and Statistical Account of the Foreign Commerce of the United States. New York: G.P. Putnam and Co.; J. Smith Homans, Jr., 1857.